Extra Credit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Extra Credit - Essay Example This function enables the managers to establish or create standards of performance and review of the employee output to make sure that all the workers perform to meet the set standards. The controlling function helps in identification of problems and situation to be addressed and implements new performance requirement or standards. The coordinating function takes place in meeting held by management and planning sessions to make sure that all departments a familiar and work in respect to the organization’s goals and objectives. In any organization, coordinating involves management direction, communication and supervision (Roberts 5). Staffing is the function which deals with recruitment of new staff in the organization. The staffing function also deals with development and training, promotion, performance appraisals and transfers. Staffing makes sure that the organization employees the qualified candidates who can deliver and ensure that the organization meets the set goals. Or ganizing is the function which controls the organization’s structure. An organization is laid down on the structure foundation and without a structure an organization can not work successfully. The organization structure which is controlled by the organizing function is involved in designating employee responsibilities and tasks. The organizing function also develops the structure and chain of command in which communication takes place. Finally, planning involves the process of setting goals in respect to the organization’s resources and objectives. The planning process put down the target to be met by an organization at a particular time (Roberts 6). Planning is important in management because it helps the managers to put across targets to be achieved. Putting down the targets makes the employee and management team to work hard in order to meet organizational goal. Organizing is important to management because it gives a clear structure of

Individual Behavior in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Behavior in Organizations - Essay Example In psychology, there are various approaches in understanding personality. These include trait approach, learning approach, biological and evolutionary approach and humanistic approach. Based on these approaches, leaders could be either born or made. From the trait approach, psychologists believe each person possesses certain trait to a given degree (Feldman 335). This means everyone has certain form of personality, but there is only variation of certain degree an individual possesses it. According to the learning approach, personality could be learned responses to the external environment (Feldman 338). In other words, personality could be learned. On the other hand, the biological and evolutionary approach is under the assumption that important components of personality are inherited, showing the importance of genetic factors in personality (Feldman 340). Under the humanistic approach, people are at the basic level good and continue to develop to higher level of functioning (Feldman 343). Each of these theories has strong remarkable point, but also some weak points that could be addressed by other theories. This explains the level of complexity found in understanding personality. Thus, in this manner, it has also been complex to understand whether leaders are born or made. Zaleznik believes organizations can develop leaders (81). For him, peer relationship exists and has important impacts on employee’s personality development. At Apple Inc., Steve Jobs created a culture of developing personality of its employees. There is a strong point of personality development as Jobs wanted to develop human resource that would be leading the innovation. As a result, Apple created a strong innovative culture. This clearly shows that personality could be influenced by the environment and those who already have strong degree of some certain personality tend to be developed or underdeveloped depending on the environmental influence. This could

Physical hazard

Physical hazard Can physical hazard really cause harm to consumer? Food hazard: A Food hazard can be defined as presence of undesirable matter in food which can cause negative effect on consuming it. There are three types of hazard in food industry: Physical, Chemical and Biological. Physical hazard is any foreign matter in food stuff which can cause injury or illness to a person consuming the product. These could be anything like bits of bone, piece of metal, packaging material, insects, etc. A physical hazard can enter into the food at any stage of the food production. The sources for these contaminants are raw materials, poorly maintained facilities and equipments, untrained employees, poor production procedure. To eliminate these hazards it is important to implement HACCP along with the Pre-requisite programmes such as good manufacturing practice, good hygiene, etc. It is considered to be quality issue and not as safety. A person consuming a food with physical hazard could be subjected to various risks. It can cause lacerations to mouth or throat. damage to teeth or gums. damage to stomach or intestine. How do they enter into foods? Physical hazards can enter into any stage of the production. Below are the listed out few examples. Metal: sources could be from machineries, hair, bits from knife, broken needles, and parts from vessels. Glass: sources can be broke bulbs, window panes, glass containers. Plastic: sources can be from packaging material, chopping boards, storage containers, gloves etc. Soil and stone: main sources can be from the field crops and also from the floors and ceiling of the factory. Classification of physical hazards: These are classified on their level of risks to the consumer. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has categorized physical hazards into three: Category I Category II Category III The category I expresses high risk, category II with a moderate risk and category III with the low risk of any cases due to physical hazard. The low risk zone expresses that there are good control measures in place but minor infractions occur. The moderate risk zone results in average control measures established and inconsistencies occur. The high risk results in due to little or no control and has major infractions occur. Every food has its own levels of risk and every food stuffs have to be monitored and made sure that appropriate control measures are in place to eliminate the hazard to an acceptable limit. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Objects which are hard or sharp of size 7-25mm in length represent potential physical hazard in food. Natural hard or sharp components like shells can cause injury to consumers if they do not know that they are a natural food component. Natural hard and soft objects which are usually removed in foods but are 100% effective such as presence of bone in fish fillets. Elimination of Physical hazards: There are systems and methods to eliminate physical hazard to an acceptable limit. HACCP and pre requisite programme is very important and effective. But to focus on the point of entry of hazards would be more effective, which are raw materials, storage and specifications. Inspection of raw material and food ingredient for any contaminants Eg: stones in rice. Storage Good storage practice and evaluation of potential risks in storage area Eg: Bulbs, insects, wooden pallets, etc. Could be prevented using bulb cover, prevention of insects. Specifications and control for all ingredients and components including raw materials and packaging materials. The specifications must comply with the rules. Eg: A limit of detection should be established to avoid false detection. Installing effective detection device and eliminating physical hazards. Eg: Metal detectors, filters etc). Periodic checking and upgrade of equipments in facilities to avoid source of physical hazards such as nuts and bolts from worn out equipments. Employment training on shipping, storing and handling of food materials will also help reducing physical hazards. How can physical hazards be detected and eliminated? There are different types of methods to detect physical hazards. Metal detectors will help in detecting metals in food stuffs. They can set up to products from the production line if metal is detected. It is also essential to check the detectors frequently to be accurate. X- Ray machines can also be used on food production lines to detect hazards such as stones, plastics, bones and metals, etc. Visual inspection could also help in a few cases of physical hazards. Chicken manufacturing factory: Let us consider process of raw breast chicken factory and the physical hazards involved. The process starts by getting the raw chicken from the primary producer. This is exercised by relying on supplier quality assurance (SQA) and this guarantee the supplier is meeting the specification of the buyer and the product is safe from hazards till the time of delivering it to the buyer. The chicken is cut; the skin is removed and cleaned. At this stage, physical hazards involved are pieces from the chopping board, chipped bits of knife, bones, feathers, etc. The hazards caused by these can be prevented by having good maintenance of the equipments along with proper training for the staffs. SSOPs (Sanitation Standard operating procedures) can help very much in cleaning of the machineries and equipments. This holds all records for cleaning routines in a daily basis and is signed off by a staff stating that the machine is free from any debris from the previous routine and is working up to its l evel. This is made mandatory in Meat and poultry operations from 1997 because of the products lower threshold of getting spoilt. The chicken is then packed and stored below 4C. Packing itself has high probability for physical hazards to be introduced, for example the packaging material, the labels used etc. Packing material can be a hazard and hence visual inspection can be done to ensure the packing. A detailed example for SSOP is given below to sanitize automated labelling machine. This is done on a daily basis and weekly once for cleaning the inside parts. Removal of all debris and physical matter. Wiped by a clean cloth dipped in soap water. A thin spray of QUATS (Ammonium compound) solution is applied and made to dry. Visual inspection is done to ensure that the machine is clean. If anything is broken it is always compulsory to call maintenance team to fix it. Once a physical hazard has been detected, an effective program should be exercised immediately to eliminate these threats or bring it to an acceptable level. HACCP will help to bring down the risk to an acceptable level or clear out every physical hazard from the system. Auditing process would bring out the area of weakness in the production cycle. Make sure that the CCPs (Critical control point) are covered by the respective critical limits. All the process is to be written into a record for future use in case of emergencies. A regular auditing will help the production within safe limits and not leading to any disaster. More assistance can be obtained from consulting services, trained HACCP professionals, on-site training for workers etc. Therefore to prevent any risk of food incidents to consumers and from economic downfall, it is obvious to identify and understand the prone hazards. Make sure effective control measures are in place that would reduce or remove any hazards entry sit uation. A well developed HACCP plan will help solve most of the possible hazard situation and a well controlled quality control system will be of a good support. Taking up these steps would ensure that a food produced in a factory is safe from any possible physical hazards. Reference: 1) http://foodsafety.unl.edu/haccp/start/Identifying%20Hazards%20Physical%20Hazards%20July%202003.pdf 2) http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/foodsafety/processor/pdf/cfs02s74.pdf 3) http://foodsafety.unl.edu/haccp/start/physical.html 4) http://www.foodsafety.com/haccp.html#five 5) http://cnx.org/content/m33333/latest/ 6) http://www.jphpk.gov.my/Agronomi/KAV/5HACCP1.pdf 7) http://foodsafety.unl.edu/haccp/prerequisites/sop.html

Bill Gates :: essays research papers

Bill Gates On October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington a boy was born. This child would grow up to be one of the most successful people in the history of man. His name, William (Bill) Henry Gates. Bill a.k.a. Trey was a different child from the beginning of his life. His first five years were normal just like most kids. Once he turned six his parents would almost go crazy. He declared war on his mother and always talked back to her as in this example; She would call him up to dinner from his basement bedroom and he would not respond. "What are you doing?" she once demanded over the intercom. "I'm thinking," he shouted back. "You're thinking?" "Yes, Mom, I'm thinking," he said fiercely. "Have you ever tried thinking?" His mother sent him to a psychologist, after a year of tests and studies the doctor came up with a solution. His answer was, "There is nothing you can do. Just give up and live with it." Bill attended Lakeside School. It was a very nice private school. There he learned how to use a computer. His friend, Paul Allen and he would start their computer programming there. The first programs they made were a math program and tic-tac- toe. Bill and three other friends joined forces to make the Lakeside Programmers Group. Bill then went out to a store, which just received a new IBM. He convinced the boss to let him and his friends use the computer. In exchange, he would have to debug the computer. Bill got so obsessed in it that he went to the store late at night and worked on the computer! A little later that year, Bill attended Harvard. To most people there he was considered a snob and idiot. He would order pizza every day and go to many bars. In 1974, Bill and Paul Allen created BASIC, a computer language. MITS then bought a license to have the product. At the age of twenty-one, Bill dropped out of Harvard to work on Microsoft all the time. Within three months, MITS ripped up the contract. Bill found a person in Japan who would help him. Bill and Paul then set up a building in Albuquerque, New Mexico. They then renamed their company Microsoft. The original name was Allen&Gates. Bill loved New Mexico. He had his favorite Porsche, which he called Sand Buggy.

The bad things about Obama’s economic plan in foreign policy

To say the economic state of America is the most pressing need on the minds of most Americans today, would certainly not be too far from the truth. This is perhaps why both candidates realize that they have to say something at least on this subject. It is sad however to note that Obama’s plans depict a gross lack of understanding of our economic travails. Indeed, a group of respected economists noted recently that â€Å"Barack Obama’s economic proposals are wrong for the American economy†. Firstly, Obama proposes an overall increase in tax rates just as he admits that this proposal would not serve a weak economy. One wonders therefore how he thinks this would work in present day America. Or is this the strong economy Obama imagines for Americans? Increased tax rates would raise federal spending, bring about a slow in economic growth and of course result in massive job losses which of course heads us for another depression which we sure do not pray for. Again, Obama intends to end America’s trade ties the world over. Now, to decide against international trade is certainly not in our best interest, at least not in these times for the economists said â€Å"international trade is also a powerful source of strength in a weak economy†. Also, more jobs are created when we export our goods abroad and cheap products are also imported for the middle class and low income earners to especially to consume. It is this set of people that Obama’s plans would deprive of this veritable source of livelihood. As part of his plans, he also wishes to withdraw American forces from Iraq so as to free funds for the local economy. But we know that can not be true when an holistic view of the costs and benefits of the war would become after such rash withdrawal. In conclusion, Obama’s plans lack depth and appear destined to fail beyond redemption if allowed to run.

Arab sheikdoms in the United Arab Emirates Essay

Dubai is one of the seven Arab sheikdoms in the United Arab Emirates (U. A. E. ). Before oil and gas were discovered in 1958, it was among the very poor sheikdoms under British protection and was once called a Trucial State. Today, their sheiks are independent and among the world’s richest men, with a gross annual income of $25. 7 billion. It has vast reserves of oil and natural gas (Ibrahim, 1982). The land is mainly salt mashes, barren desert, and sandy plain. Oases stud the desert areas. To the east, the mountains lie close to the sea. It is also famous as having the highest cost of living in the world – the cheapest apartment rents for $1,000 per month (Peck, 1986). The Emiratians (Dubai people) used to be pirates, fishermen or pearl divers, nomads or oasis farmers. Most are now wage earners or businessmen who feel more conscious of a national identity as a rich and important country. They are famous for two unique sports: (1) camel races, and (2) falconry. Colorful music, dancing and singing also give life to this otherwise dry place. This area of Gulf was notorious for piracy. They preyed on the trade between Europe and China. The British came in 1806 and started to impose oder against the Arab pirates. In 1853, piracy was finally wiped out when the sheiks signed the Perpetual Maritime Truce Agreement with Britain. Thus, the Pirate Coast became the respectable Trucial States (Seale, 1988). Today, Dubai is the largest commercial center and the nerve center for smuggling Western currency, gold, and other goods into the Indian subcontinent, especially Pakistan. Dubai is also the outlet for capital fleeing Afghanistan and Iran. One phenomenon of the oil boom was to fill Dubai’s population (like that of Kuwait and Qatar) mostly with foreigners. The majority of the population or around 50% is Indo-Pakistani outnumber the native Arabs, who populate the land by only 42%. The large foreign population (mostly migrant workers) are lured to Dubai by the high salaries, welfare benefits, and rapid development. To keep discipline, the governing Arab sheiks have emphasized Muslim (Shariah) law, religious education, and the observance of Muslim practices. The Muslim rulers and people are Sunnis, strongly influenced by the strict Wahabi sect of neighboring Saudi Arabia (Peck, 1986). Diplomacy, national security, information, communications, health, education, and the budgets of the three smaller emirates are decided by the federal government. The local sheiks retain control over policy within their emirates. The laws of Dubai (under the United Arab of Emirates) are divided into two main categories: union laws and decrees. A bill drafted by the Council of Ministers for non-binding deliberation by the Federal National Council and then submitted to the president for his assent and the Supreme Council of the Union for ratification becomes a union law when promulgated by the president. Decrees are issued jointly by the president and the Council of Ministers between sessions of the Supreme Council of the Union. As the final say is always on the Supreme Council of the Union, a decree must only be confirmed by them to remain valid (Ibrahim, 1982). Dubai’s political system, which is a unique combination of the traditional and the modern, has underpinned this political success, enabling the country to develop a modern administrative structure while, at the same time, ensuring that the best of the traditions of the past are maintained, adapted and preserved (Ibrahim, 1982). Relations with the other members of the U. A. E. have not always been smooth. The discovery of a big natural gas field in Sharjah reopened a border dispute with Dubai. In November 1982, Dubai sent tanks to the border to prevent Sharjah’s foreign contractors from drilling the field (Seale, 1988). However, not all is coming up roses for Dubai. Bad planning and extravagance have now caused new miseries. In fact, the most outstanding examples of ill-conceived investment in the Arab world are found in the Dubai ports and so-called international airports stand cheek to cheek. Within fifty kilometers of its coast are three major ports, including the Mina Jabel Ali, the biggest manmade port ever built. Its sixty-seven berths are now suffering terrible losses. Being a member of the United Arab Emirates, Dubai has an international airport of its own, making cynics joke that the state boundaries end where the next runway begins. The headquarters of the Arab Monetary Fund in Dubai have polished one-way windows done with gold compound (Peck, 1986). References Ibrahim, Saad Eddin. (1982). The New Arab Social Order: A Study of the Social Impact of Oil Wealth. Westview Press. Peck, Malcolm C. (1986). The United Arab Emirates: A Venture in Unity. Westview Press. Seale, Patrick. (1988). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press.